Dibattito tra creazionismo ed evoluzionismo

Il dibattito tra creazionismo ed evoluzionismo, o dibattito sulle origini, è nell'ambito culturale, religioso e sociale l'insieme delle dispute circa le ipotesi contrastanti sulle origini della vita, della Terra, dell'universo e dell'umanità sostenute dalle autorità religiose da una parte e della comunità scientifica dall'altra.^[1] Alla base della questione la visione creazionista sulle origini al fondamento di alcune credenze religiose, e quella evoluzionista sostenuta dal consenso scientifico tramite prove concrete di alcune materie come biologia evolutiva (in particolar modo), geologia, fisica nucleare, cosmologia, paleontologia e termodinamica.^[2]

Sebbene il tema sia presente in Europa e altre parti dell'Occidente,^[3] è acceso soprattutto negli Stati Uniti d'America dove ha una lunga storia ed è riferito come "guerra culturale",^[4]^[5]^[6] rinvigorito costantemente dalle diatribe circa l'insegnamento nelle scuole di creazionismo ed evoluzionismo.^[7] È comunque importante dal punto di vista culturale dal momento che contiene al suo interno molte argomentazioni scottanti, attuali, come la libertà d'espressione, separazione tra Stato e Chiesa, necessità di un insegnamento pari merito e bilanciato di dottrine scientifiche e religiose.

Il processo evolutivo della vita è oggi sostenuto non solo dalla totalità della comunità scientifica, ma anche da un gran numero di autorità religiose, le quali l'accettano senza mettere in dubbio l'esistenza di Dio.^[8]^[9] Come d'altronde dichiarato dall'Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze degli Stati Uniti, molti religiosi dichiarano compatibili i principi della loro professione religiosa con la tesi evoluzionista, e sia scienziati che teologi «non vedono alcun conflitto tra la loro fede in Dio e la prova dell'evoluzione».^[10]

^ Hovind, 2006.
^ An Index to Creationist Claims , Mark Isaak, Talkorigins Archive,Copyright 2006.
^ Andrew Curry, Creationist Beliefs Persist in Europe, in Science, vol. 323, n. 5918, 27 febbraio 2009, p. 1159, DOI:10.1126/science.323.5918.1159, PMID 19251601.
«News coverage of the creationism-versus-evolution debate tends to focus on the United States … But in the past 5 years, political clashes over the issue have also occurred in countries all across Europe. … "This isn't just an American problem," says Dittmar Graf of the Technical University of Dortmund, who organized the meeting»
^ Numbers, 1992, pp. 3–240.
^
See:
- Peters & Hewlett, 2005, p. 1;
- Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, page 20
^ Larson, 2004, pp. 247–263 Chapter titled Modern Culture Wars. See also Ruse, 1999, p. 26, who writes "One thing that historians delighted in showing is that, contrary to the usually held tale of science and religion being always opposed…religion and theologically inclined philosophy have frequently been very significant factors in the forward movement of science."
^
See:
- Battle on Teaching Evolution Sharpens, Peter Slevin, Washington Post, Monday, 14 March 2005, Page A01;
- The Political Design of Intelligent Design Archiviato il 27 settembre 2007 in Internet Archive., Russell D. Renka, 16 November 2005;
- Politicized Scholars Put Evolution on the Defensive Archiviato il 9 novembre 2008 in Internet Archive., Jody Wilgoren, The New York Times, 21 April 2005
- The Newest Evolution of Creationism, Barbara Forrest, Natural History, April, 2002, page 80;
- Kitzmiller vs. Dover Area School District, pages 7-9, also pages 64-90
^ Myers, 2006; NSTA, 2007; IAP, 2006; AAAS, 2006; and Pinholster, 2006; Ruling, Kitzmiller v. Dover page 83
^ Larson, 2004, p. 258 "Virtually no secular scientists accepted the doctrines of creation science; but that did not deter creation scientists from advancing scientific arguments for their position." See also Martz & McDaniel, 1987, p. 23, a Newsweek article which states "By one count there are some 700 scientists (out of a total of 480,000 U.S. earth and life scientists) who give credence to creation-science, the general theory that complex life forms did not evolve but appeared 'abruptly'."
^ A View from the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies Committee on Revising Science and Creationism, Science, Evolution, and Creationism, National Academy of Sciences, 2008, pp. 12, ISBN 0-309-10586-2.

[1] Hovind, 2006.

[2] An Index to Creationist Claims , Mark Isaak, Talkorigins Archive,Copyright 2006.

[Science-Feb09-3] Andrew Curry, Creationist Beliefs Persist in Europe, in Science, vol. 323, n. 5918, 27 febbraio 2009, p. 1159, DOI:10.1126/science.323.5918.1159, PMID 19251601.
«News coverage of the creationism-versus-evolution debate tends to focus on the United States … But in the past 5 years, political clashes over the issue have also occurred in countries all across Europe. … "This isn't just an American problem," says Dittmar Graf of the Technical University of Dortmund, who organized the meeting»

[4] Numbers, 1992, pp. 3–240.

[5] See:

Peters & Hewlett, 2005, p. 1;

Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, page 20

[6] Peters & Hewlett, 2005, p. 1;

[7] Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, page 20

[6] Larson, 2004, pp. 247–263 Chapter titled Modern Culture Wars. See also Ruse, 1999, p. 26, who writes "One thing that historians delighted in showing is that, contrary to the usually held tale of science and religion being always opposed…religion and theologically inclined philosophy have frequently been very significant factors in the forward movement of science."

[7] See:
Battle on Teaching Evolution Sharpens, Peter Slevin, Washington Post, Monday, 14 March 2005, Page A01;

The Political Design of Intelligent Design Archiviato il 27 settembre 2007 in Internet Archive., Russell D. Renka, 16 November 2005;

Politicized Scholars Put Evolution on the Defensive Archiviato il 9 novembre 2008 in Internet Archive., Jody Wilgoren, The New York Times, 21 April 2005

The Newest Evolution of Creationism, Barbara Forrest, Natural History, April, 2002, page 80;

Kitzmiller vs. Dover Area School District, pages 7-9, also pages 64-90

[10] Battle on Teaching Evolution Sharpens, Peter Slevin, Washington Post, Monday, 14 March 2005, Page A01;

[11] The Political Design of Intelligent Design Archiviato il 27 settembre 2007 in Internet Archive., Russell D. Renka, 16 November 2005;

[12] Politicized Scholars Put Evolution on the Defensive Archiviato il 9 novembre 2008 in Internet Archive., Jody Wilgoren, The New York Times, 21 April 2005

[13] The Newest Evolution of Creationism, Barbara Forrest, Natural History, April, 2002, page 80;

[14] Kitzmiller vs. Dover Area School District, pages 7-9, also pages 64-90

[8] Myers, 2006; NSTA, 2007; IAP, 2006; AAAS, 2006; and Pinholster, 2006; Ruling, Kitzmiller v. Dover page 83

[9] Larson, 2004, p. 258 "Virtually no secular scientists accepted the doctrines of creation science; but that did not deter creation scientists from advancing scientific arguments for their position." See also Martz & McDaniel, 1987, p. 23, a Newsweek article which states "By one count there are some 700 scientists (out of a total of 480,000 U.S. earth and life scientists) who give credence to creation-science, the general theory that complex life forms did not evolve but appeared 'abruptly'."

[10] A View from the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies Committee on Revising Science and Creationism, Science, Evolution, and Creationism, National Academy of Sciences, 2008, pp. 12, ISBN 0-309-10586-2.

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